Before the industrial revolution, birth rates and family size were:

השאלה הזו לא מופיעה בשאלון המתורגם

פעם היה צריך הרבה ילדים שיעבדו

כל הילדים קופצים עובדים

מופיע בסיכום תמונת מסך מהוידיאו - נושא 8.2

ילד עובד בשדה > ילד רעב

GPT explains (level =C2; CEFR aligned): Birth-rate and family size before the Industrial Revolution – “High birth rates and large families.” Prior to industrial modernity, virtually all agrarian societies operated under the demographic regime ancien: crude birth rates hovering around 40–50 live births per 1 000 population and total fertility well above six children per woman. The economic logic was self-reinforcing: children constituted labour assets—herding, sowing, gleaning, cottage manufacture—thereby offsetting their subsistence cost and functioning as old-age security for parents in the absence of pensions. Mortality was indeed high, yet families offset that risk with a quantity strategy: many births to insure that some offspring would survive to adulthood. Only with proto-industrial wage labour, urban schooling laws and declining infant mortality (19ᵗʰ c.) did the calculus shift towards smaller families; thus the pre-industrial pattern is unambiguously characterised by large, labour-oriented households rather than deliberately small ones.