Question: How was hashish consumed in Cairo between the 12th and 13th centuries?

Explanation: In the 12th–13th centuries, the lectures describe hashish as primarily ingested orally (before tobacco made smoking common): it was prepared in solid forms and is described as being eaten, and more broadly consumed through oral ingestion (which fits “eating and drinking” as a general oral-consumption category). (Reading: Ram, Middle East Drug Cultures in the Long View). Ram_Middle East Drug Cultures in the Long View Quote: “Before the introduction of tobacco in the region, it was consumed in various solid preparations, and it is almost always described as being eaten.” Ram_Middle East Drug Cultures in the Long View