Explanation: The lectures frame the “early modern” to 19th-century era as a period of expanding global commodity circuits and empire, in which intoxicants (tobacco, coffee, sugar, opium, etc.) spread rapidly worldwide—producing a major rise in use from roughly the 16th through the 19th centuries. (Lecture/Reading: Breen, The Age of Intoxication; also contextualized in Ram, Middle East Drug Cultures in the Long View.)