Question: Which mind-altering substances were found in the palace of Safavid Iran?

Explanation: In the readings, opium is described as already widespread in Iran by the early Safavid period, and it also notes cases where opium was taken together with wine (showing that both substances circulated in elite and courtly consumption contexts, even if wine was religiously controversial). (Reading: Ram, Middle East Drug Cultures in the Long View). Quote: “Ibn Sina (Avicenna) … had died of an overdose of opium mixed with wine.” (Reading: Ram, Middle East Drug Cultures in the Long View).