Question: When did opium and hashish begin to be combined with tobacco?

Explanation: The lectures link the mixing of opium/hashish with tobacco to the period when tobacco smoking became widespread and new smoking technologies (pipes, etc.) normalized inhalation practices—so older intoxicants that had often been ingested orally were increasingly taken through smoking as well. This shift is associated with the 19th century in the course timeline. (Reading: Ram, Middle East Drug Cultures in the Long View). Ram_Middle East Drug Cultures in the Long View Quote: “the introduction of tobacco… transformed the modes of consuming other intoxicants.” (Ram, Middle East Drug Cultures in the Long View).