Question: Who led the shift in Egyptian attitudes toward hashish at the beginning of the 20th century?

Explanation: In the lectures/readings, the early 20th-century shift is driven mainly by Egypt’s Westernizing middle-class elite (the effendiyya), especially through their press and moral social critique. They framed hashish as a sign of “backwardness” that harms individuals, families, and the nation, and linked reform to discipline, productivity, and “progress” as part of a broader civilizing and nationalist project. (Reading: Kozma, Cannabis Prohibition in Egypt, 1880–1939). Quote: “One forum for debating hashish consumption was the effendiya press.” (Kozma, Cannabis Prohibition in Egypt, 1880–1939).