Explanation: In the readings, empires both profited from global drug commodities (e.g., opium), framed intoxication through “civilizing” and racialized/Orientalist lenses, and produced enduring myths and stereotypes about drugs and drug users. (Readings: Breen; Ram; de Sacy/Hashishin myth).
Quote: “the global opium trade was old and comfortable.” (Breen, The Age of Intoxication).