Question: In the Ottoman and Arab revolts in Yemen and in the Fertile Crescent in the early modern period —

Explanation: In the readings, early modern rebellions in Yemen and the Fertile Crescent are described as contexts in which intoxicants such as wine and opium circulated among fighters and communities. These substances were part of broader social and military cultures and were not yet framed primarily through modern prohibitionist or medicalized discourses. Their presence reflects the normality of intoxication in early modern political and military life rather than a special “drug problem.” (Reading: Ram, Middle East Drug Cultures in the Long View). Quote: “Wine and opium were commonly consumed in early modern Middle Eastern societies, including in contexts of conflict.” (Ram, Middle East Drug Cultures in the Long View).