Question: The shift to a modern discourse —

Explanation: In the readings, the move toward a modern way of thinking about drugs, society, and regulation is described as a long, uneven process rather than a single rupture. Modern discourses developed gradually, at different paces and in different forms across societies, shaped by imperialism, science, medicine, and global exchanges. (Readings: Breen; Ram). Quote: “The transition to modern frameworks of knowledge was uneven, gradual, and deeply shaped by global encounters.” (Breen, The Age of Intoxication).