Question: The members of the Egyptian expedition —

המעמדות הנמוכים היו כמו אפנדציט בשביל מצרים, תקועים ומפריעים להתקדם Explanation: In the readings, members of Napoleon’s Egyptian expedition interpreted hashish use through Enlightenment and civilizing lenses. They viewed widespread intoxication as a sign of backwardness and moral weakness that hindered discipline, productivity, and progress. This perception linked drug consumption to obstacles to reform and modernization, rather than treating it as a neutral cultural practice. (Readings: Guba; Ram). Quote: “French observers increasingly portrayed hashish use as incompatible with discipline and progress.” (Guba, Antoine Isaac Silvestre de Sacy and the Myth of the Hachichins).