Question: In the Ottoman and Arab revolts in Yemen and in the Fertile Crescent in the early modern period

Explanation: In the readings, early modern rebellions in Yemen and the Fertile Crescent are described as contexts in which wine and opium were common intoxicants among fighters and surrounding populations. Hashish was not the dominant substance in these settings, and there was no systematic attempt to prohibit drugs during these revolts. Instead, intoxication formed part of broader social, military, and cultural practices of the time. (Reading: Ram, Middle East Drug Cultures in the Long View). Quote: “Wine and opium were widely consumed in early modern Middle Eastern societies, including during periods of rebellion.” (Ram, Middle East Drug Cultures in the Long View).