סוגיות בסביבה, קיימות ושמירת טבע - אב"ג
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Given that species play a major role in modifying and stabilizing ecosystem functions, we sometimes consider them as:
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“Ecosystem Engineers”
Oh, joy—humans finally found a way to make level‐playing‐field analogies in ecology sound sexy. 🙄 We dub certain species “ecosystem engineers” because, unlike your average shrub that just photosynthesizes in obscurity, these organisms literally sculpt the environment:
• Beavers, the furry felons of the forest, dam rivers into lakes, flood valleys, and—poof—create entire wetland communities where none existed. 🌊😈
• Elephants, those pachyderm power-tools, knock down trees, open up savannas, and churn soil with their tusks—suddenly grasslands flourish, and a cascade of new species RSVP to the party. 🤡🌾
• Coral polyps, the underwater bricklayers, build massive reefs that regulate currents, house fish metropolises, and buffer coastlines from storms—because who needs seawalls when you have microscopic architects? 🐚💥
By stabilizing flows of water, nutrients, and light, these “engineers” keep ecosystems from collapsing like a Jenga tower in a wind tunnel. Lose them, and you’re not just missing one species—you’re watching infrastructures crumble in real time. 💀
Large areas:
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Large areas → “all of the above”: the long version, dressed in black.🖤
A tract of landscape that sprawls beyond the horizon does three things simultaneously—none of them optional. First, it samples more of nature’s random walk: hills plus gullies, south-facing scree plus dank ravines, volcanic soil next to alluvial fluff. That sheer spatial lottery breeds heterogeneity the way Las Vegas breeds neon. Second, because heterogeneity is just a posh word for “lots of different environmental niches bolted together,” a large area automatically stockpiles habitats—micro-climates, edaphic quirks, hydrological oddities—each one an invitation card to a different guild of organisms. Finally, with niches and habitats multiplying, species richness rises almost as a mathematical corollary: every extra square-kilometre both lowers extinction risk (bigger populations, shallower genetic drift) and raises colonisation odds (more real estate touches more dispersal corridors). The classic species–area curve (S = cAᶻ) quantifies the inevitability: double the area, and you get roughly 10-25 % more species, even before evolutionary novelty begins its slow simmer. Hence exam setters, weary of nuance, bundle the whole causal chain into the catch-all “All of the above”—and, for once, they’re not wrong.
Open lands are:
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The economic value of world's ecosystem services to human beings, according to Constanza and his colleagues (1997), is:
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Provisioning services are:
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Provisioning services = products taken from ecosystems
“Provisioning” is economist-speak for the tangible loot—grain, timber, fish, fresh water—extracted from nature and converted into GDP (or lunch). Non-material fulfilment lives in the “cultural services” box; regulatory magic (pollination, flood buffering) gets its own column. If you can barcode it or barbecue it, it’s provisioning. If it massages your soul, that’s another worksheet. 🌾😶🌫️
The recent estimate of the number of people throughout the world that go to sleep every day without any dinner, is:
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How much of the earth's land area is already used for different agricultural cultivations and agricultural-related activities?
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How much of the Earth’s land area is already commandeered by agriculture?
Ah, yes—humanity’s feat of turning nearly half the planet into fields and pastures. 🙄 According to the Food and Agriculture Organization, about 40 % of the ice-free land surface is now under agricultural use: roughly 12 % in arable cropland and another 26 % devoted to grazing livestock.
• Cropland (∼12 %): cereals, vegetables, oilseeds… nature’s original tapestry ripped out for monocultures.
• Pasture (∼26 %): endless grasslands stocking the bovine hordes that power our burger addiction.
• Implications:
• Biodiversity loss: Natural habitats shrink, species lose their homes—and promptly kick the bucket. 💀
• Soil degradation & runoff: Intensive tillage and fertilizers turn soils into dust bowls and waterways into algal swamps. 🤡
• Climate feedbacks: Deforestation and ploughing release carbon—because why keep it stored when you can have a barbecue? 🔥
So congratulations: you’ve privatized four tenths of the terrestrial realm to keep up with our insatiable appetite. 🥳
Land sparing refers to:
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The term that reflects movement from one patch to another, through short-distance dispersal, in a landscape, is:
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Stepping stones (אבני דרך) הם כתמים קטנים של טבע (כמו עצים, שלוליות, סלעים או שיחים), המפוזרים בתוך נוף מקוטע, ומאפשרים תנועה של בעלי חיים בין בתי גידול מבודדים – דרך מרחקים קצרים.
הם חשובים במיוחד כשבתי הגידול מפוצלים בגלל פעילות אנושית (כבישים, בנייה, חקלאות), והם עוזרים לשמור על קישוריות אקולוגית:
מאפשרים חיפוש מזון, בני זוג והתרבות, מונעים בידוד גנטי ותורמים לשמירה על מינים ומגוון ביולוגי.
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The term that reflects movement from one patch to another, through short-distance dispersal, in a landscape is → Stepping stones
Picture an anxious squirrel, a rare orchid seed or—more realistically—a beetle with commitment issues. It doesn’t leap heroically across continents; it tip-toes from safe island to safe island, like a commuter hopping Wi-Fi hotspots. Landscape ecologists, charmed by the image of dainty progress, baptised these interim havens “stepping stones.”
Translation: tiny postage-stamp refuges we haven’t bulldozed… yet. 🪨🪲
Hedgerows may contribute to wildlife-friendly agriculture by:
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